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"E-Governance in Africa 2025: Balancing Digitalisation and Self-Reliance" attempts to explore a broader understanding of digital sovereignty in the context of the digital transformation of public administration in African countries. The handbook builds on prior publications and research by the HSE University Center for African Studies, including E-Governance in Africa 2024 and Africa 2025: Prospects and Challenges.
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"E-Governance in Africa 2024: Opportunities and Challenges" is to serve as a handbook on digitalization of public administration in African countries and presents an overview of up-to-date information on e-Governance development in the region, trends, common challenges and solutions being implemented with a goal of shedding light on the diversity of e-governance initiatives in African countries.
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E-Gov profiles
E-Gov Profiles illustrate the process and continuity of e-governance development in African countries, when it started and what has been achieved. They also describe peculiarities of the particular e-gov systems, how the services, platforms, regulations work, what challenges they face and what opportunities exist.
E-Gouvernance en Algérie
Ce rapport décrit les avancées de l’Algérie en matière de gouvernance numérique, à travers des plateformes telles que BawabaTIC, Jibaya’tic et e-Nyaba. Il présente les progrès réalisés dans les domaines de la fiscalité, de la justice, de la santé et de l’éducation, ainsi que l’introduction de l’identifiant unique et de la carte d’identité biométrique. Le rapport met en lumière les efforts déployés pour améliorer l’accessibilité, renforcer l’intégration des services publics en ligne et favoriser une participation numérique plus large sur l’ensemble du territoire.
Pour citer ceci, veuillez utiliser: E-Gouvernance en Algérie 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Golubtsov M., Kalashnik O., Yazag M. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 20 p.
Ce rapport examine les efforts du Bénin pour transformer son administration publique à travers le numérique. Il met en lumière les réformes dans les domaines de la santé, de l’éducation, de la fiscalité et de la justice, portées par le Ministère du Numérique et de la Digitalisation et l’Agence des Systèmes d’Information et du Numérique (ASIN). Le rapport souligne également un cadre réglementaire solide en matière de cybersécurité et de protection des données. Bien que le Bénin affiche une forte maturité numérique, certains secteurs comme l’environnement restent en retrait et des efforts sont nécessaires pour renforcer l’inclusion et l’interopérabilité.
Pour citer ceci, veuillez utiliser: E-Gouvernance au Benin 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Bianki P. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 21 p.
This report provides an in-depth analysis of Ethiopia’s digital governance initiatives up to 2025. It tracks the evolution of national ICT policy, the role of key institutions, and the development of major digital platforms such as e-tax systems, e-services portals, digital IDs (Fayda), and public procurement systems. The study highlights major programs like the Digital Ethiopia 2025 Strategy and introduces key technologies being used in agriculture, education, customs, and public health. It also assesses performance issues, implementation challenges and outlines international collaborations and future digital ambitions.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Ethiopia 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Sukhova D. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow : HSE, 2025. – 24 p.
This report highlights Kenya’s status as a digital leader in East Africa, driven by comprehensive national strategies such as the Kenya National Digital Master Plan (2022–2032) and the AI Strategy (2025–2030). It outlines key platforms like eCitizen, iTax, digital ID, and digital procurement systems. The report also covers reforms in sectors including healthcare, education, and transport. Despite strong progress, it identifies ongoing challenges such as fragmented platform and limited interoperability between services.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Kenya 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Golovko N., Kalashnik O., Sukhova D. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2025. – 16 p.
This report offers a comprehensive analysis of Madagascar’s digital transformation in public governance, focusing on its policy framework, infrastructure development, and institutional initiatives through 2025. It tracks the evolution of e-governance from early reforms in the 2000s to the current implementation of the Digital Strategic Plan (2023–2028). Key themes include efforts to improve digital services (healthcare, education, identification, justice, taxation), integration of public services (Torolalana platform), implementation of interoperability solutions and the digitization of agriculture and land management. The report also identifies major challenges, notably weak infrastructure, low digital literacy, and limited service functionality. Despite these constraints, Madagascar demonstrates progress through robust legal frameworks, pilot projects, and international cooperation, positioning itself for gradual but inclusive digital governance reform.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Madagascar 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Golovko N.; Sukhova D.; Berezhnaya A.Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow : HSE, 2025. – 21 p.
For French version see: E-Gouvernance à Madagascar 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Golovko N.; Sukhova D.; Berezhnaya A. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 22 p.
https://e-governancehub.ru/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/E-Gouvernance-a-Madagascar-1.pdf
Ce rapport présente les initiatives du Mali en matière de transformation numérique de l’administration publique, malgré un contexte structurellement difficile. Il détaille le développement de plateformes pour l’état civil, les impôts, la santé, l’éducation et la justice, ainsi que l’introduction d’un identifiant unique. Le rapport met en lumière les défis persistants, tels que l’interopérabilité limitée, les failles en cybersécurité, l’insuffisance des infrastructures et la faible inclusion numérique dans les zones rurales.
Pour citer ceci, veuillez utiliser: E-Gouvernance au Mali 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Bianki P., Sukhova D. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 16 p.
Ce rapport présente les progrès du Maroc dans le domaine de l’e-gouvernance, portés par la stratégie Maroc Digital 2030. Il décrit les initiatives majeures dans les domaines de la santé, de l’éducation, de la justice et de l’administration fiscale, ainsi que le développement d’un portail national de services en ligne. Le cadre réglementaire comprend des lois sur la cybersécurité, la protection des données personnelles et la simplification des procédures administratives. Malgré des avancées notables, le rapport souligne des lacunes en matière d’interopérabilité des services publics.
Pour citer ceci, veuillez utiliser: E-Gouvernance au Maroc 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Golubtsov M., Alypova S. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 22 p.
This report examines Niger’s early-stage digital governance landscape, characterized by limited but emerging online platforms for public services such as statistics, migration, and customs. It outlines fundamental infrastructure challenges, including low electricity coverage and limited Internet access, particularly in rural areas. Civil registration remains largely paper-based, and digital systems operate in isolation. The report describes a context of constrained institutional capacity and highlights the need for greater coordination and modernization of digital services.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Niger 2024: Prospects and Challenges. Kalashnik O., Alypova S. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2024. – 15 p.
E-Gouvernance en République du Congo
Ce rapport présente les initiatives entreprises par la République du Congo pour développer la gouvernance numérique dans le cadre de la stratégie Congo Digital 2025. Il souligne les premières étapes vers la dématérialisation des services publics, la création d’un environnement numérique plus structuré et la volonté d’améliorer l’accessibilité des services. Le rapport note les efforts en cours pour renforcer la coordination institutionnelle, améliorer l’intégration des systèmes et progresser en matière de cybersécurité et de gestion des données.
Pour citer ceci, veuillez utiliser: E-Gouvernance en République du Congo 2025: Perspectives et Défis. Bianki P. Centre d’Études Africaines de l'Université HSE. – Moscou: HSE, 2025. – 22 p.
This report provides a comprehensive overview of Rwanda’s progress in digital governance. It outlines the country’s strategic frameworks (Vision 2020, SMART Rwanda, NST-1/2), digital service platforms like Irembo, and developments in key sectors such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and justice. Rwanda’s regulatory and legal landscape includes strong frameworks on cybersecurity, data protection, and electronic signatures. The report emphasizes the government's goal of further digitizing public services by 2029, while also noting ongoing challenges.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Rwanda 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Sukhova D., Golubtsov M. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2025. – 19 p.
This report examines Senegal’s digital transformation through its “Digital Senegal 2025” strategy. It reviews progress in biometric identification, digital education and health systems, public procurement, and agriculture. The report emphasizes remaining challenges such as rural Internet access, cost barriers, and service integration. It also highlights national goals to grow the digital sector’s share of GDP and create over 200,000 jobs, while promoting administrative efficiency and accessibility.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Senegal 2024: Prospects and Challenges. Kalashnik O., Assane D. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2024. – 13 p.
This report outlines South Africa’s digital governance strategy, anchored in long-term frameworks such as the National e-Government Strategy and the 2025 Digital Transformation Roadmap. It highlights key initiatives including the rollout of digital identity and biometric systems, the eFiling platform for taxes, and integrated services in education, healthcare, and justice. The report also details regulatory developments in data protection, cybersecurity, and AI, alongside technical efforts to improve interoperability, accessibility, and digital inclusion. While progress is evident, challenges remain in modernizing legacy infrastructure and coordinating fragmented initiatives.
The publication was prepared within the E-Governance Knowledge Sharing Program supported by the Russian Government and developed in cooperation with the UN Economic Commission for Africa under the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding.
Reviewed by Prof. Busani Ngcaweni, Director, Centre for Public Policy and African Studies, University of Johannesburg.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in South Africa 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Sukhova D., Golovko N. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2025. – 25 p.
This report provides an overview of Uganda’s e-governance initiatives, from early ICT policies to modern platforms like the eCitizen portal and UGHub for data integration. It analyzes key sectors such as taxation, immigration, licensing, agriculture, and procurement. The report also notes the launch of AI and environmental data projects. Persistent issues include limited Internet access, insufficient infrastructure, lack of system integration, and low public awareness. Priorities include expanding digital inclusion, interoperability, and user-centered service design.
The publication was prepared within the E-Governance Knowledge Sharing Program supported by the Russian Government and developed in cooperation with the UN Economic Commission for Africa under the provisions of the Memorandum of Understanding.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Uganda 2025: Prospects and Challenges. Golovko N., Sukhova D., Kalashnik O., Saulina M. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. — Moscow: HSE, 2025. — 24 p.
This report presents Tanzania’s progress in digital governance through a series of structured national strategies and institutional reforms. It highlights key digital platforms in taxation, education, health, and identification, alongside the growing use of mobile technology for service delivery. The report notes ongoing efforts to improve platform integration and user experience across government services. Despite measurable advances, e-governance initiatives also face various challenges, such as fragmentation and uneven access across regions.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Tanzania 2024: Prospects and Challenges. Kalashnik O. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2024. – 17 p.
This report reviews Zimbabwe’s progress in digital governance, highlighting major steps taken to modernize public administration. It presents key initiatives such as the introduction of an e-passport system, the rollout of online company registration via the Zimbabwe Investment and Development Agency, and the implementation of the Integrated Electronic Case Management System for the judiciary. The report also notes ongoing efforts to expand ICT infrastructure and improve service coordination, particularly in addressing connectivity gaps and enhancing integration across government platforms.
To cite this, please use: E-Governance in Zimbabwe 2024: Prospects and Challenges. Saulina M., Sukhova D. Higher School of Economics Center for African Studies. – Moscow: HSE, 2024. – 15 p.
Others
The chapter "African quest for digital sovereignty" of the "Africa 2025: Prospects and Challenges" handbook provides a broad understanding of digital sovereignty in the context of the digitalization of African countries, which is an opportunity for Africa to solve major socio-economic problems. Therefore, there is a growing need to ensure the independent development of the sector, including through the knowledge and experience exchange between the countries of the region. The chapter provides unique understanding of the foreign influence on digitalization processes and the role of enterprises, the real status of data storage localization and hosting of African websites. The role of African languages in increasing the social effectiveness of digitalization is also considered, and for the first time, an assessment of the availability of African languages on the websites of African e-governments is carried out.
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